Alternative Drink Industry Analysis

Alternative Drink industry analysis 1. Do a complete five-forces analysis of competition in the global alternative drink industry, then tell me which of the five competitive forces is strong, weak, and why. Especially in the force of rivalry (one of the 5 forces), you must identify the market size, growth rate, profit margins, what are the main categories in the alternative drink industry, who are the major competitors and their relative sizes, the competition scope, the main competition weapons) 2.Briefly identify 6 to 7 key success factors in the alternative drink industry 3. What are the other economic traits that are outside the industry but still can affect all competitors (for example, overall economy trend, long term innovation, globalization, maturity stage of the industry, relevant legislation, etc. )? Briefly explain how these factors can affect the industry. Notes: 1. —————————————â €”——- What are the strategically relevant components of the global and U.S. beverage industry macro-environment? How do the economic characteristics of the alternative beverage segment of the industry differ from that of other beverage categories? Explain. The strategically relevant components of the global and U. S. beverage industry macro-environment: †¢ Global beverage companies such as Coca Cola and PepsiCo had relied on such beverages to sustain in volume growth in mature markets where consumers were reducing their consumption of carbonated soft drinks. Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, and other beverage companies were intent on expanding the market for alternative beverages by introducing energy drinks, sports drinks, and vitamin drinks in more and more emerging international markets. †¢ Beverage producers had made various attempts at increasing the size of the market for alternative beverages by extending existing product lines and developing altogether new pro ducts. Expanding the market for alternatives beverages and increasing sales and market share, beverage producers also were forced to content with criticism from some that energy drinks, energy shots, and relaxation drinks presented health risks for consumers and that some producers’ strategies promoted reckless behavior, the primary concern of most producers of energy drinks, sports drinks, and vitamin-enhanced beverages was how to best improve their competitive standing in the market place. Rapid growth in the category, coupled with premium prices and high profit margins made alternative beverages an important part of beverage companies’ lineup of brands. The Alternative Beverage Segment Help Companies to Sustain Volume Growth in Mature Markets Where Consumers Were Reducing Their Consumption of Carbonated Soft Drinks. Also the Alternative Beverage Industry Offered 2. What is competition like in the alternative beverage industry? Which of the five competitive forces is strongest? Which is weakest? What competitive forces seem to have the greatest effect on industry attractiveness and the potential profitability of new entrants?Competition from substitutes is substantial. There were many substitutes to alternative beverages such as tea, soft drinks, fruit juices, bottled water and tap water. Even though substitute products had a bigger market share in the US, consumers had tended to buy more alternative beverages. This change in customer preference had weakened the competitive power of substitute beverages. Convenience store, grocery store, and wholesale club buyers had substantial leverage in negotiating pricing and slotting fees with alternative beverage producers because of their large purchases.New brands with low market shares were most vulnerable to buyer leverage since shelf space was limited while top brands such as Red Bull were almost always assured of shelf space. Coca-Cola and PepsiCo were least vulnerable since they offered a wide var iety of beverages that convenience stores, grocery stores, and wholesale clubs wished to offer to consumers. As a result of this certain appeal, the two companies’ alternative beverage brands almost always found shelf space in retail stores. The bargaining power and leverage of suppliers was the weakest competitive force.Many suppliers for alternative beverage ingredients and they fight with the others to sell their products. Packaging is readily available from many suppliers and is like a commodity. However, some rare ingredients providers had a moderate amount of leverage in negotiations with energy drink producers. Additionally, the producers of alternative beverages are important customers of suppliers and buy in large quantities. The threat of new brands varies by market maturity of each alternative beverage category. It has low threat for mature categories and moderate to strong in young categories.During the early stages of developing a category, when famous brand lead ers had not been established, the threat of entry in alternative beverage categories remained strong. As a result, entrepreneurs launching new beverages with novel formulas or well-developed image campaigns could quickly gain market share among consumers. However, as the category matured, consumer preferences developed and shaped retailers’ purchasing decisions. Once the category had established, its brand leaders, it became much more difficult for new entrants to gain shelf space in convenience stores, supermarkets, and wholesale clubs.Therefore, in 2010, the threat of entry should be lower for all types of alternative beverages except energy shots and relaxation drinks. The competence among sellers of alternative beverage could be considered as the strongest competitive force. Among the sellers of energy drinks and other alternative beverages, competition is so strong and will grow stronger each year. Competition among major brands centers primarily on brand image, an appea ling taste, attractive packaging, new product R&D, sales promotions and endorsements, and gaining better access to shelf space and strengthening distribution capabilities.As for 2010, there was no evidence of strong price competition in any of the alternative beverage categories, which makes it difficult to argue that competitive rivalry is fierce or brutal. Factors that increase the strength of competitive rivalry included efforts on the part of industry rivals to expand the number and types of alternative beverages in their product lines, low switching costs on the part of consumers, active and aggressive efforts on the part of sellers to establish consumer brand loyalty, and strong emphasis on advertising, sales promotions, and endorsements.MLA â€Å"Competition in Energy Drinks, Sports Drink, and Vitamin-Enhanced. † StudyMode. com. 28 Sep. 2011. . â€Å"Competition in Energy Drinks, Sports Drink, and Vitamin-Enhanced. † StudyMode. com. September 28, 2011. http://ww w. studymode. com/essays/Competition-In-Energy-Drinks-Sports-Drink-788697. html.

Mehta Daryush PhD Thesis Proposal FINAL

Dimmitt D. Delivery, PhD, University of South Carolina, whose areas of expertise are in the acoustic analysis of voice and the development of laryngeal high-speed videophones. The proposal, which is enclosed, was favorably received by the Committee, and we approved the scientific content and proposed work as being suitable for a PhD thesis. All of the above members of the Committee have agreed to serve on the Thesis Committee. Sincerely, Joseph S. Propeller Thesis Committee Chair Robert E. Hillman, PhD Thesis Co-Supervisor Once: Thesis Proposal Supervisor Agreements Reader Agreement Thomas F.Squattier, Sad PhD Thesis Committee Members 1 . Joseph S. Propeller, PhD (Chair) a. Title: Senior Research Scientist, Speech Communication Group, Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology b. Major Discipline: Sensory-motor control of speech production c. Justification: Dry. Propeller fills the role of Chair as a non-supervisor and senior researcher at MIT. Dry. Per keel offers a wide knowledge range from voice and speech production to speech acoustics and motor involvement in pathological speakers. 2. Robert. E. Hillman, PhD (Co-Supervisor) a.Title: Co-Director/Research Director, Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital; Associate Professor, Harvard Medical School; Faculty of Harvard-MIT Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology b. Major Discipline: Voice function assessment c. Justification: Dry. Hillman is co-adviser and supports the clinical aspects Of the thesis project. The proposed research calls for data collection in the voice clinic and assessment of the voice production mechanisms and acoustic characteristics of human subjects. Subjects will be selected and evaluated under Dry.Hillman supervision. 3. Thomas F. Squattier, Sad (Co-Supervisor) a. Title: Senior Member of Technical Staff, MIT Lincoln Laboratory; Faculty of Harvard Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Tech nology b. Major Discipline: Speech signal processing c. Justification: Dry. Squattier is co-adviser and supports the signal processing aspects of the proposed research. Dry. Squatter's work includes the speech signal processing using multimode analysis, and this work especially relates to the proposed research on characterizing vocal fold vibratory asymmetries from multimode sensor measurements. 4.Dimmitt D. Delivery, PhD (Reader) a. Title: Associate Professor, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina; Director, USC Voice and Speech Laboratory b. Major Discipline: Voice acoustics and laryngeal high-speed videophones c. Justification: Dry. Delivery's areas of expertise are in the acoustic analysis of voice and laryngeal high-speed videophones. Dry. Delivery is a world-leader in the development of high-speed video camera technology for clinical voice assessment. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Te chnologySpeech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology Program proposal for Thesis Research in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Title: Investigating the impact of in vivo human vocal fold vibratory asymmetries: Co-variations among measures from laryngeal high-speed videophones, acoustic voice analysis, and auditory-perceptual voice assessment of sustained vowel phonated Submitted by: Darkish Meat 70 pacific street, Apt 516 Cambridge, MA 02139 Signature: Subtract: Signal Processing Date of Submission: Expected Date of Completion: November 25, 2008 July 2009Thesis Co-supervisors: Location of Research: Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital Abstract: Voice specialists make critical diagnostic, medical, therapeutic, and surgical decisions by coupling visual observations Of vocal fold tissue motion with auditory-perceptual assessments of voice quality. The details of the relationship between vocal fold tissue motion and the acoustic voice signal are not fully understood, and there is recent evidence that the acoustic impact of visual judgments of vibratory asymmetry may be overestimated during clinical voice assessment.A series of three descriptive studies is proposed to systematically describe the co-variations among measures of vocal fold vibratory asymmetries and visual-perceptual judgments, acoustic voice properties, and therapeutically ratings. First, recent findings describing co-variations be;en subjective visual judgments and basic objective measures of vocal fold vibratory asymmetry in subjects with and without vocal pathologies will be validated with automated algorithms.After replicating these results, image-based measures will be further refined to consider additional dimensions in the left-right and anterior-posterior planes f the images. Second, it is proposed to apply the developed objective measures of asymmetry to voice data from a new subject population with vocal pathologies that will be evaluated using a state-of-the-art system for laryngeal high-speed videophones. The new system will enable the validation Of hypothesized relationships between vocal fold vibratory asymmetry measures and objective acoustic voice measures at unprecedented temporal resolution.Preliminary work has revealed mild co-variations between average values of vocal fold vibratory asymmetry and traditional acoustic perturbation assure, and new acoustic correlates of vocal fold vibratory asymmetries will be explored using knowledge of their effects on voice production. Third, an initial study is proposed to characterize the influences of vocal fold vibratory asymmetry on the auditory perception of voice quality. This study more directly addresses the clinical reality that voices are assessed by relating vocal fold tissue vibratory patterns to the voice quality of a patient during a standard examination.Voice specialists make critical diagnostic, medical, therapeuti c, and surgical decisions based on coupling visual observations of vocal fold tissue motion With auditory-perceptual assessments of voice quality (Zestiest et al. , 2007). While clinical experiences indicate that this approach is generally valid, it is inherently limited to case-by-case observations, and the details of the relationship be;en vocal fold tissue action and the acoustic voice signal are not fully understood.Recent evidence indicates that visual judgments of vocal fold vibratory patterns may not adequately reflect changes in objective measures of the acoustic signal (Haven et al. , 2003). Furthermore, â€Å"[t]he anecdotal reports and stroboscopic findings of a prevalent typical amount of asymmetry cause a concern, in that it may indicate an increase in overreactions of laryngeal pathology' (Shaw and Delivery, 2008).The overall goal of this project is to better understand the relationship between vocal fold tissue motion and the acoustic characteristics f the glottal vo icing source so that clinical methods for assessing voice production can be improved. This work is made possible by recent advances in high-speed digital imaging, which provides adequate sampling for detailed intra- and inter-cycle comparisons between vocal fold tissue motion and the concomitant acoustic voice waveform.A series of three descriptive studies is proposed to systematically describe the co-variations among traditional and more advanced measures of vocal fold vibratory asymmetry and their impact on visual judgments, acoustic voice properties, and auditory-perceptual tings. First, it is proposed to replicate and improve upon recent findings describing co-variations between subjective visual judgments and basic objective measures of left-right vocal fold vibratory asymmetry in subjects with and without vocal pathologies (Bonham et al. , AAA; Bonham et al. Bibb). After validating the baseline co-variations with more automatic algorithms for computing left-right asymmetry, th e image-based measures will be further developed and optimized based on the visual judgments Of vocal fold vibratory asymmetry in both the left-right and anterior-posterior dimensions. Second, the developed objective measures of asymmetry will be applied to voice data from a new subject population exhibiting vocal pathologies who will be evaluated using a state-of-the-art system for laryngeal high-speed videophones.The new system will allow for the validation of hypothesized relationships between vocal fold vibratory asymmetry measures and objective acoustic voice measures at unprecedented temporal resolution. Preliminary work has revealed mild cavitations between overall values of vocal fold vibratory asymmetry measures and traditional acoustic perturbation measures. Acoustic correlates of vocal fold vibratory symmetries will be explored using knowledge of their effects on voice production. Third, an initial study is proposed to characterize the influences of vocal fold vibratory a symmetry on the auditory perception of voice quality.This study more directly addresses the clinical reality that voices are assessed by relating vocal fold tissue vibratory patterns to the voice quality of a patient during a standard stroboscopic examination. 1. 2 Thesis proposal structure This thesis proposal is organized as follows. First, Section 2 outlines the three specific aims and associated hypotheses of the proposed investigation, along tit a timeline of goals. Section 3 continues with background information on voice production mechanisms and reviews relevant research studies characterizing vocal fold vibratory asymmetries and the acoustic voice signal.Section 4 introduces work that investigated the co-variations between a preliminary measure of vocal fold vibratory asymmetry and traditional acoustic perturbation measures. Section 5 follows with the research design and methods for the three studies proposed. F-anally, Section 6 concludes with information regarding the use of humans as subjects in these studies. 2 Specific Aims A series of three studies is proposed to investigate the influence of vocal fold vibratory asymmetries on the acoustic voice signal.Specific aims and associated hypotheses of these studies are detailed below. 2. 1 Aim 1: Investigate co-variations between visual judgments of vocal fold vibratory' asymmetry and objective measures of vocal fold vibratory asymmetry in subjects with and without vocal pathologies Aim 1 proposes to validate and improve upon recent findings describing co- variations between subjective visual judgments and objective image-based measures of left-right vocal fold vibratory asymmetry in a subject population thou vocal pathologies.The recent findings have documented moderate correlations between visual-perceptual ratings and a basic objective measure of vibratory asymmetry of the left and right vocal folds (Bonham et al. , AAA). Completely automated image-based measures of asymmetry will be developed to rep licate the published co-variations with visual ratings on the same data. After validating the automated algorithms for computing asymmetry measures, the image-based measures will be refined and optimized with respect to the peculiarities judgment data to improve pond the baseline co-variations in subject populations with and without vocal pathologies.It is hypothesized that the new image-based measures of vocal fold vibratory asymmetry will co-vary with visual asymmetry judgments to a higher degree than previous image-based measure because of the ability to capture and integrate more temporal and spatial information from the image data. Acoustic voice signal in subjects with vocal pathologies Aim 2 proposes to apply the developed objective measures of asymmetry to voice data collected from a new subject population with vocal pathologies hat will be evaluated using a statute-the-art system for laryngeal high-speed videophones.The system will allow the validation of hypothesized relat ionships between vocal fold vibratory measures and objective acoustic voice 8 measures, on an average and frame-by-frame basis. Preliminary work has revealed mild co-variations between average values of vocal fold vibratory asymmetry and traditional acoustic perturbation measures (jitter, shimmer, and harmonics-to-noise ratio). As a result, these measures will be applied to a larger subject population and explore new acoustic correlates of vocal fold vibratory asymmetries using knowledge of voice production mechanisms.

Cause And Prevention Of Cancer Health Essay

Cancer is a word used for diseases in which unusual cells split without control and are able to assail other tissues. It ‘s cells can make other parts of the organic structure through the blood and lymph system. It is non merely one disease but many diseases. There are over 100 different types of malignant neoplastic disease. To recognize malignant neoplastic disease, it ‘s utile to cognize what happens when normal cells become malignant neoplastic disease cells. The organic structure is made up of many types of cells. These cells grow and split in a controlled manner to make more cells as they are necessary to maintain the organic structure strong. When cells become old or hurt, they pass off and are replaced with new cells. Despite that, sometimes this organized method goes wrong. The familial stuff ( DNA ) of a cell can go injury or misused, bring forthing mutants that concern normal cell growing and division. Equally shortly as this happens, cells do non decease as th ey should and new cells signifier when the organic structure does non necessitate them. Image coroneted Loss of Normal Growth Control. The image shows normal cell division and normal cell self-destruction or programmed cell death of a damaged cell. It besides shows malignant neoplastic disease cell division, through several mutant phases, stoping in uncontrolled growing.Types of CancerThe followers are the most normally known types of malignant neoplastic diseases. Bladder Cancer: It is a wild unusual growing and addition of cells in the urinary vesica which have busted free from the usual mechanisms of the organic structure. It has the capableness to multiply to other organic structure parts every bit good as to the lungs, castanetss, and liver. Breast Cancer: It is a malignant neoplastic disease that starts in the tissues of the chest. Endometrial malignant neoplastic disease: It develops when the cells that make up the interior liner of the uterus become unnatural and grows uncontrollably and it is the 4th most general type of malignant neoplastic disease between adult females and the most general gynecologic malignant neoplastic disease. Kidney malignant neoplastic disease: It forms in tissues of the kidneys. It includes nephritic cell carcinoma and nephritic pelvic girdle carcinoma. It besides includes Wilms tumour, which is a type of kidney malignant neoplastic disease that on a regular basis develops in kids under the age of 5. Leukemia: It starts in the tissue that forms blood. Lung malignant neoplastic disease: It is a consequence from a defect in the cell. Normally, the organic structure maintains a method of cheques and balances on cell growing so that cells split to make new cells merely when new cells are needed. Melanoma: It is a type of skin malignant neoplastic disease. It begins in cells in the tegument called melanocytes. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: It starts in cells called lymph cells, which are portion of the organic structure ‘s immune system. Lymphocytes are in the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues. Pancreatic malignant neoplastic disease: It begins in the tissues of your pancreas which is an organ in your venters that lies directly to the rear of the lower portion of your belly. The pancreas secretes enzymes that aid digestion and endocrines that aid control the metamorphosis of sugars. Prostate malignant neoplastic disease: It is a barbarous tumour that consists of cells from the prostate secretory organ. Normally, the tumour grows easy and remains restricted to the secretory organ for many old ages. Throughout this clip, the tumour produces little or no symptoms.The Causes of CancerThe followers are the most normally known causes of malignant neoplastic disease. Tobacco: Harmonizing to the Nationwide Cancer Institute, smoking causes 30 % of all malignant neoplastic disease deceases in the U.S. and is to fault for 87 % of instances of lung malignant neoplastic disease. Not merely does it hold an consequence on the lungs, it can besides do kidney, pancreatic, cervical, and tummy malignant neoplastic diseases and acute myeloid leukaemia. Geneticss: It can play a big undertaking in malignant neoplastic disease addition. If you have a household record of malignant neoplastic disease, for illustration chest malignant neoplastic disease, taking extra safety steps is important. When malignant neoplastic disease is familial, a mutated Deoxyribonucleic acid can be passed down. Familial trials are offered for many familial malignant neoplastic diseases. Keep in head that if you have a household record of malignant neoplastic disease, it does non intend you will hold it. You merely have a greater opportunity of making it. Environmental Factors: The milieus you are in can do malignant neoplastic disease. Surveies have revealed that people who are exposed to high measure of benzine are at menace for malignant neoplastic disease. It is a chemical originated by gasolene, smoke, and pollution. Sun Exposure: Skin malignant neoplastic disease is caused by contact with the UV beams of the Sun. Sunburn or a sunburn is genuinely the consequence of cell harm caused by the Sun.The Prevention of CancerThe followers are the most known ways of forestalling malignant neoplastic diseaseAvoid Smoking and Exposure to SmokeSmoke is the most of import malignant neoplastic disease menace that we can cut down. It is to fault non merely for lung malignant neoplastic disease, but many other types of malignant neoplastic disease. One of the finest ways to avoid malignant neoplastic disease is to halt smoke or ne'er get down. The blink of an eye you quit your organic structure reaps the benefits of being tobacco-free.Practice Sun Safety and Recognize When Skin Changes OccurSkin malignant neoplastic disease is the most ordinary type of malignant neoplastic disease between work forces and adult females, and it accounts for about half of all malignant neoplastic disease diagnosing. The first measu re in forestalling skin malignant neoplastic disease is to remain off from UV beam contact. We can make this by have oning sunblock, avoiding noontime Sun, have oning defensive apparels when exterior, and by remaining off from tanning beds. Eat Your Fruits and Vegetables A well-balanced diet is helpful in many ways. A diet loaded with fruits and veggies to a great extent reduces the opportunity of developing malignant neoplastic disease and many other fortunes. Fruits and veggies hold antioxidants, which help repair our injury cells. Green, orange and xanthous fruits and veggies are the greatest opportunity to assist avoid malignant neoplastic disease. Surveies besides explain that dark fruits, like blueberries and grapes, may besides hold anti-cancer belongingss. Limit Red Meat and Animal Fat Several surveies explain that a diet high in carnal fat increases the danger of many types of malignant neoplastic disease, chiefly colon malignant neoplastic disease. Red meat holds much more fat than biddy and fish, so dropping the measure of ruddy meat in your diet may help to halt malignant neoplastic disease. A diet high in fat besides is chief cause of fleshiness, which is a menace for many types of malignant neoplastic disease. Restrict Your Alcohol Intake Devouring excessively much sums of intoxicant frequently increases the menace for several types of malignant neoplastic disease. Surveies propose that work forces who drink two alcoholic drinks per twenty-four hours and adult females who have one alcoholic imbibe per twenty-four hours well add to the menace for certain types of malignant neoplastic disease.Exercise for Cancer PreventionThe American Cancer Society advises exerting 30 proceedingss a twenty-four hours, at least 5 yearss a hebdomad for malignant neoplastic disease turning away. Exercise does n't hold to bespeak go forthing for the gym to raise weights. There are plentifulness of ways to acquire exercising into your twenty-four hours.Know what you ‘re being exposed to in Your Work EnvironmentChemicals in the topographic point of work may add to the menace of increasing many types of malignant neoplastic disease, plus kidney malignant neoplastic disease and vesica malignant neoplastic disease. Get Screened for Cancer Regularly Cancer testing trials can be helpful non merely for happening malignant neoplastic disease, but besides assisting halt it. Screening trials similar to the colonoscopy and Pap smear can observe unusual cellular alterations before they become cancerous.The Treatments for CancerThe followers are the most common interventions for malignant neoplastic disease Chemotherapy: It is the common term for any remedy refering the usage of chemical agents to forestall malignant neoplastic disease cells from increasing. It can acquire rid of malignant neoplastic disease cells at great distances from the original malignant neoplastic disease. Therefore, it is considered a systemic intervention. More than half of all people diagnosed with malignant neoplastic disease are given chemotherapy. For 1000000s of people, it helps handle their malignant neoplastic disease successfully, leting them to profit from full, originative lives. Radiation Therapy: It uses high-energy radiation to minimise tumours and kill malignant neoplastic disease cells. X raies, gamma beams, and charged atoms are types of radiation used for malignant neoplastic disease remedy. The radiation may be delivered by a device outside the organic structure, or it may come from radioactive affair located in the organic structure near malignant neoplastic disease cells. It uses radioactive substances, for case radioactive I, that pass through in the blood to kill malignant neoplastic disease cells. About half of all malignant neoplastic disease patients are given some type of radiation therapy sometime during the class of their remedy. Cryosurgery: It is the usage of utmost cold formed by liquid N to pulverize unusual tissue. It is used to handle external tumours, for case those on the tegument. For exterior tumours, liquid N is applied straight to the malignant neoplastic disease cells with a cotton swab or spraying device. Cryosurgery is besides used to handle tumours inside the organic structure. For internal tumours, liquid N or Ar gas is spread through an empty device called a call investigation, which is placed in contact with the tumour. The physician uses ultrasound or MRI to direct the call investigation and detect the freeze of the cells, therefore restricting injury to shut by strong tissue. A ball of ice crystals forms around the investigation, stop deading close by cells. Sometimes more than one investigation is used to direct the liquid N to different parts of the tumour. The investigations may be put into the tumour during surgery or through the tegument. After cryosurgery, the frozen tissue melt and is either of course absorbed by the organic structure, or it dissolves and forms an outer bed.

Domestic Violence Essay

Domestic Violence, based on typical legal definition, encompasses psychological, sexual, physical, and verbal actions of an individual against his or her partner (Pournaghash-Tehrani and Feizabadi, 2007). The prevalence of these kinds of abuses has propelled the civic group to clamor from the government for the victims’ legal protection and preservation of rights. Said Pournaghash-Tehrani and Zahra Feizabadi as members of Department of Psychology and Institute of Psychology respectively in the University of Tehran in Iran are both expected to be highly adept in the field of applied psychology. Their study entitled â€Å"Comparing Demographic Characteristics of Male Victims of Domestic Violence† is one of the spirit-awakening researches in terms of domestic violence. It draws out attention on the issue of domestic violence where the typical scenario females are abused while males are the perpetrators. The stereotype of domestic violence has treated it as entirely women’s issue for a long time (Pournaghash-Tehrani and Feizabadi, 2007). Thus, most countries have a definite law concerning violence against women. However, through the efforts of civil groups and social scientists, gender symmetry movement on domestic violence has made a notion that males are victims of domestic violence at least as often as women. Meanwhile, the work of Pournaghash-Tehrani and Feizabadi, as acknowledged by the Asian Network for Scientific Information in 2007, was published in the fourteenth of the seventh volume of Journal of Applied Sciences. Their study revealed that male victims of domestic violence are not only limited in the United States but are also observed in the Asian region. Goal and Hypothesis Based on the studies conducted on the Western countries revealing the capacity of women to commit violence against their male partners, Pournaghash-Tehrani and Feizabadi aimed to focus on the socio-demographic attributes of the male victims of domestic violence. Thus, they intended to find out the relationship of the domestic violence experience of male victims with respect to their age, educational attainment, and income level; the possible interaction among age, educational attainment, income level, and domestic violence experience of the male victims. Specifically, their study sought answers to the following questions: do the male victims have differences in physical violence experiences with respect to age, educational attainment, and income level? ; and do the male victims have differences in psychological violence experiences with respect to age, educational attainment, and income level? ; is the interaction between age and educational attainment, age and income level, educational attainment and income level, and among age, educational attainment and age, income level significant with physical violence experiences? ; and is the interaction between age and educational attainment, age and income level, educational attainment and income level, and among age, educational attainment and age, income level significant with psychological violence experiences? Literature Review The preponderance of domestic violence, in any form, across cultures gave impetus for the creation of legal policies for its prevention, efficient prosecution of the perpetrators, and effective programs of advocacy for the victims. However, legal advocacies are only focused on women for men are typically perceived as the doers of domestic violence (Pournaghash-Tehrani and Feizabadi, 2007). In this connection, studies accounted the significant correlation of socio-demographic factors such as age, educational attainment, income level, socio-economic status, and substance abuse with the occurrence of domestic violence (Pournaghash-Tehrani and Feizabadi, 2007). Meanwhile, as revealed by contemporary researches conducted in the United States and Great Britain, men are also victims of domestic violence at least as often as women. In fact, based on statistical reports in Western countries, about 20% to 30% of domestic violence like punching, throwing objects, biting, slapping an biting are done by women towards their male partners (Pournaghash-Tehrani and Feizabadi, 2007). Moreover, the meta-analysis conducted by Archer in 2000 and 2002 on eighty five marital conflict studies divulged that women have higher tendency for physical violence due to stress levels than men (Pournaghash-Tehrani and Feizabadi, 2007). Aside from physical violence, women are also capable of psychological violence through oral arguments towards their husbands. Further, Hindin and Adair in 2002, Jeyaseelan et al. in 2004, and Perez et al. in 2006, exposed that regardless of gender, low level of education contributes to the occurrence of domestic violence in marital relations (Pournaghash-Tehrani and Feizabadi, 2007). Also, Jeyaseelan et al. argued that even though domestic violence is not limited to a particular social class, it is of frequent occurrence among the poor (Pournaghash-Tehrani and Feizabadi, 2007). On the other hand, Perez et al. reported that incidences of domestic violence are more often to take place in young couples than in older couples (Pournaghash-Tehrani and Feizabadi, 2007). The inevitable fact that women are also perpetrators of physical or psychological violence led to growing consciousness in supporting the notion of gender symmetry in domestic violence through intensive researches. Since most studies are done on behalf of female victims, socio-demographic attributes of male victims need to be further investigated. As such, the characteristics of male victims susceptible to domestic violence and its implications can deeply be explored. Materials and Methods An author-made questionnaire was utilized as instrument in the determination of domestic violence. The instrument has thirteen and twenty four items for the evaluation of psychological and physical violence respectively. Each item was formulated based on the available literature in the assessment of violence. Also, each item was rated based on five-point Likert-type scale. In line with this, the validity of the instrument was evaluated by co-administering with the Conflict Tactic Scale in a hundred of couples. The correlation computed between the two instrument was +0. 89 indicating the high validity of the author-made questionnaire (Pournaghash-Tehrani and Feizabadi, 2007). On the other hand, the measured Cronbach’s Alpha for the consistency of the devised instrument was +0. 81 (Pournaghash-Tehrani and Feizabadi, 2007). In 2006, the devised instrument was administered to one hundred twenty male victims of domestic violence from four family courts in Iran (Pournaghash-Tehrani and Feizabadi, 2007). The subjects were randomly and voluntarily selected, and were informed that they are free to move out from the study anytime they want. They were also oriented on the purpose of the study and that any information will be treated with high regards of confidentiality. Then multivariate analysis of variance or MANOVA and Scheffe test were employed to assess the effects of socio-demographic factors and their interactions to the incidence of physical and psychological violence. Results and Discussion Repondents From twenty five to eighty years old was the age range of the samples wherein among them 40% has education above high school diploma, 25% earned less than high school diploma, 20% earned above high school diploma, and 15% has a high school diploma. In terms of monthly income, 30% has above $590, 35% has $160-$380, 29% has $380-$590, and 6% has below $160 salary. Age and Domestic Violence It was found that age has a significant effect on the incidence of physical violence. As showed by the Scheffe test, men of ages thirty five to fifty have the highest rate of physical violence experience. In terms of psychological violence, age has significance in the incidence of denying choices and cutting off marital intercourse. Additionally, based on Scheffe test cessation of marital intercourse was mainly observed among thirty five to fifty years old men while denying choices was mainly observed among men of sixty five to eighty years of ages. Educational Attainment and Domestic Violence Based on MANOVA, educational attainment has significant effect on throwing of objects. Through Scheffe test, it was found that men with Bachelor’s degree were most often victimized by object thrown. In terms of psychological violence, educational attainment has significance on the incidence of denying choices, cessation of marital intercourse, and devaluation of work. As the Scheffed test showed, denying of choices was much observed in men with Bachelor’s degree while cessation of marital status was mainly observed to men with low educational attainment. Also, devaluation of work was commonly observed among men with diploma. Level of Income, Interactive Effects and Domestic Violence Although the study failed to prove any connection between domestic violence and level of income, the interactive effects of age, educational attainment, and income level have significance with the incidence of hitting. The Scheffe test showed that physical violence was generally experienced by thirty five to fifty years old men with Master’s level of education, and above $590 monthly income. With regards to psychological violence, the interactive effects of age and educational attainment were significant to denying choices. This type of physical violence was mainly observed in men with bachelor’s degree and of above sixty years of age. Moreover, the interactive effects of age and level of income has significance with the incidence of forced household chores task, devaluation of work, and denying choices. The study revealed that: forced household chores task was mostly observed in men with $380 to $590 monthly income within thirty five to fifty years old range; devaluation of work was mainly observe in men with the ages twenty to thirty five years old earning $380 to $590 per month; and denying choices was observed prevalently in men of fifty to sixty five years of ages earning $160 to $380 monthly. Meanwhile, the interactive effects of age, educational attainment, and income level were significant with forced household chores task. This relationship was mainly observed among men with Bachelor’s degrees, of thirty five to fifty ages, and earning $380-$590 monthly. Analysis Even though this study is unique and very revealing in the sense that this was the first research conducted in Iran with respect to the domestic violence committed by women towards their respective partners, there are also weaknesses and limitations. First, the validity and consistency of the author-made questionnaire as the singly instrument utilized to measure the presence and extent of domestic violence is of great question. The validity and consistency of the author-made questionnaire were based solely on the validity and consistency correlations with the Conflict Tactic Scale which is commonly used in the assessment of domestic violence against women. In addition, there are other instruments available for the evaluation of domestic violence such as the Partner-Abused Scale, Abusive Behavior Inventory, and Index of Marital Satisfaction. The validity, reliability, and consistency of these instruments have been verified and established for a long time. Since these available instruments on violence are typically used for the assessment of violence against women, it is then invalid to construct an instrument specific for male victims based only on one of these instruments. Thus, there was a possible bias on the construction of the instrument utilized in this study that probably served as source of error in data collection. Furthermore, the Conflict Tactic Scale which is the solely basis of the author-made questionnaire was tested primarily through the researches conductive in the Western and in some European Countries, hence, cultural differences may possibly serve as interference in the study. Even though domestic violence is ubiquitous across cultures, but cultural factors may influence socio-demographic attributes of the subjects of the study. As such, the validity and reliability of a particular instrument in a specific nation may not hold true for another country. In this line of reasoning, the correlations revealed by this research on socio-demographic characteristics and domestic violence on men may only be valid and reliable with respect to the populations of their own country. Although the results seemed to be comparable with the results of studies conducted in different countries, the authors failed to discuss crucial aspects of those studies in relation to their study like the instrument used and statistical treatment applied. Result comparison among conducted researches with different research design and methodology would result to bias generalization. In fact, in meta-analysis or the integration of the results of several studies, only researches with logically designed methodology and with validated data are included in order to derive a valid generalization (Wolf, 1986). Similarly, by comparing the results of this study with other researches of different research designs so as to make it credible would lead to erroneous generalization. References Pournaghash-Tehrani, S. and Feizabadi, Z. (2007). Comparing Demographic Characteristics of Male Victims of Domestic Violence. Journal of Applied Science, 7(14): 1930-1935. Wolf, F. M. (1986). Meta-Analysis: Quantitative Methods for Research Synthesis. Michigan: Sage Publication.

FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING POLICY AND PRACTICE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING POLICY AND PRACTICE - Essay Example The economic sector is keen on financial institutions and government; accounting is seen as an economic asset. Theoretically speaking, financial accounting and reporting is objective, neutral and political through the standard setting process is influenced by external factors with different interests. The activities in the economic sector affect directly the accounting practice of corporations. The standard setter regulator in accounting is either a government-controlled institutions or independent agencies. These two bring up the regulated and non-regulated theories (Marchetti, 2012). The unregulated approach states that the market and its mechanism determine the production and regulation according to its needs. The Agency Theory is introduced here, which is the relationship between principals and agents and helps with resolving problems that exist in the agency, these problems arise from inefficiencies and incomplete information. The unregulated approach, also known as free market approach contributes to positive accounting as it requires lower or higher standards to recognize losses or ga ins in contract markets. A regulated market, also known as the controlled market, is where the government controls the forces of supply and demand, which includes who is allowed to enter the market and what prices are charged (Mclaney, 2009 p. 56). According to Mclaney, E. (2009), free market economies have a freedom to innovate which allows the business owners to bring new ideas, new products, and new services. In the unregulated market, the customers make decisions on which products succeed or fail because they decide on which product to use and on what. The primary objective of a free market economy is to make a profit. The companies sacrifice worker safety, when a free market economy gets out of control, the consequences can be damaging. This includes; lost income, unemployment, and homelessness. Many of these failures come from those with short-term

Machines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Machines - Essay Example There are other factors beside the physical limitations of human body; these factors include emotions and moods of human beings. Such factors are not in the control of human beings nor can the machines be developed to suit the mood and emotions of the individual who operate them. We can easily observe that in scenarios where machines are manually operated by the humans the maximum efficiencies achieved are not more than 75 to 80 percent however in case of automated machines where machines are operated by humans with the help of other machines the efficiencies achieved can be as high as 99 percent in some of the cases (Kroemer, Kroemer & Kroemer-Elbert, 2001). So when we analyze the prospects of creating machines according to the limitations of human beings, in addition to the physical limitations, emotional limitations should also be considered however incorporating the emotional limitations is very difficult and requires concepts like artificial intelligence to be integrated into th e machines.

Assigement Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assigement - Coursework Example Likewise, there are people who are either physically handicapped or they simply have a low IQ and so they are unable to find employment. One should understand and appreciate the effort made by these people to find employment and not remain dependent on their friends, families or the government. For such people even minor raises in salary or wages is a source of motivation. An amount which is nothing for the affluent can be a source of some nutritious food, better education and rent for a small home. Also, when these people have more money they buy more goods while benefitting the economy. Opponents of the minimum wage policy argue that people who work on minimum wages often work part-time and live in families with more than one bread-winner hence the household wealth does not change much as a result of a change in the minimum wage policy. Even if this is true one can think about why the minimum wage employees work part-time. They do so because they get paid less to do work and hence they have to work harder at more than one job. If the minimum wage policy makes minimum wage higher then workers will become likely to work full-time because doing so will help them save time and transportation cost. Businesses are the entities that pay minimum wage to those employees who are the least capable, and unskilled. Some businesses are large while others are small. For small businesses the minimum wage policy can prove to be a burden. The cost of production can increase and consequently employees might have to be laid off. Moreover, when people will be laid off their consumption of goods will fall hence harming the entire economy. However, arguing against minimum wage policy is not going to help. If costs are increasing it is best to seek help from family members. An example of this is farming done in developing countries like India and Pakistan where a farmer is helped by his wife and occasionally by children to reduce expenses. Minimum wage raises can result in less abse nteeism, greater employee morale, and lower frequency of workers turnover. As a result, training costs are reduced and employee productivity rises (Card and Krueger). Moreover, higher wages attract more of both skilled and unskilled people to apply for a job. As a result, there are greater options available for the business and the person most suitable for the job can be hired. As far as benefits and drawbacks of minimum wage policies are concerned with regards to the consumers multiple scenarios are possible. Primarily, it depends on whether consumers want benefit in the short-run or in the long-run. It is possible that a business pays lower than minimum wage to its workers to reduce production costs. As a result the price of the product manufactured remains lower than the business competitors’ products. Consumers who prefer less durable but cheaper goods will most benefit from this. However, in this age of ever increasing scarcity such consumption of cheap goods can prove t o be a waste of resources and hence create shortage of raw materials needed for manufacturing in the upcoming days. This can further increase prices of even the less durable goods. Eventually, consumers will have to suffer. Moreover, a higher minimum wage will ensure that better but more expensive products are manufactured which do not create a shortage of resources in the long run. I conclude that overall the minimum wage

Federalists v. AntiFederalists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Federalists v. AntiFederalists - Essay Example It should also be noted that a main precursor to the proposed federalism was the ratification of the constitution as spelled out in the so-called Articles of the Confederation. For the proposed constitution to be ratified it was required that all thirteen member states were to express their consent through ratification from elected representatives from the states concerned. It was no secret to the delegates working on the new constitution that achieving this consensus is certainly an up hill task taking into account the level of economic, social and political polarization that had characterized the nation following the heels of the revolutionary civil war. The most credible alternative that would usher in progress in the ratification process in the phase of the potential deadlock that could was seen in what can be described as crafty means of bending through the hill as proposed and implemented by the delegates. It was agreed that the proposed constitution could still be implemented granted nine out of the thirteen member states ratified the constitution. ... ts of federalism did also caution that the failure of some member states to ratify the constitution should not be utterly dismissed with a relegation to isolation bearing in mind that the lack of a universal consensus in the ratification process should not be misconstrued for a potentially smooth sailing experience for the nine ratified states. It was on this premise that the federalist marshaled all their available resources together in a campaign geared at winning the federalism debate. The dividing factor in the constitutional debate became so charged and acrimonious that neither the federalists nor the anti-federalist were willing to cede considerable grounds in the debate. Eventually, the federalists school of thought won the debate resulting in the complete ratification of the constitution by all nine states in the federation; thanks largely to the strong and active propaganda machinery of the federalist school of thought. Besides the question of the ratification of the constitution the federalists and the anti-federalists were divided on a broad stream of other policies that had to do with the emerging questions of statehood, rights of citizens and a host of others. Suffice to cite a few illustrations to buttress the foregoing assertion. For instance, the bloc that stood opposed to federalism preferred a lesser role to be assigned to the central government in the management of the affairs of the state and its citizens, in contrast to the strong central government role as requested by the federalist politicians. In denouncing central government dominance, anti-federalism called for a more developed legislative base at the state level. Meanwhile, both opponents and proponents of federalism did however express a common need to disband the Articles of

Winter Olimpic Games Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Winter Olimpic Games - Research Paper Example As the paper declares people focused on snowboarding and bob-sleigh and introduced in the United States during the time when people were eager to find some new winter activities. The two types of sports have many styles. For instance, snowboarding include half-pipe, freestyle, big air, alpine, and slope style. On the other hand, Bobsleigh includes three disciplines; two-man, four-man, and women’s doubles. The equipment of Bobsleigh and snowboarding are quite essential for the athletes in the Olympic competitions. The construction of the bob-sled and snowboard is highly complex. This research paper aims to explain the engineering and construction of both the snowboard and Bobsled. This discussion explores that snowboarding has numerous styles, which include half-pipe, freestyle, big air, alpine, and slope style. The half-pipe style was among the competitions in this year’s Sochi Olympic Winter sports. Shawn White has finished in the fourth position during this year’s winter Olympics in his Half pipe Snowboarding. In the half-pipe snowboarding competition, athletes use a special half pipe-shaped snowboard. Using the speed they gain on the slopes, the athletes come out of the rim on the other side of the pipe and perform acrobatic aerial tricks. The athletes perform the snowboarding activities on from the top of a mountain where they should ski downwards. The construction of the snowboard track is much more complex since the engineers must ensure that it is highly sloppy for the provision of kinetic transition energy from potential energy.

Employee Motivation and Incentives Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Employee Motivation and Incentives - Coursework Example Another factor that can inhibit commitment is that the goals of the organization are handed down to the employees rather than having the employees participate in the development of these goals. Employee participation in the development of goals will create more commitment towards achieving these goals, which in turn can influence turnover, willingness to help co-workers and team performance in terms of quality, quantity, cost and time. Studies have shown that employee commitment may translate into a willingness to help team members and improve team performance (Bishop, and Scott 1997). On the other hand low levels of commitment to both the organization and the team have been linked to absenteeism, turnover and intention to quit. 2. Why native moods are unequal Moods are long lasting feelings and are not necessarily tied to a particular cause. A person may be in a positive cheerful mood or a negative mood and feeling down. Therefore all native moods are not equal. Employees with posit ive mood tend to do better in the workplace because they cognitively process more efficiently and more appropriately. They are more open to taking in information and handle it professionally and objectively. Positive moods are linked to high performance and stronger commitment to the organization. On the other hand, a person with a negative mood performs poorly in the workplace which is linked to poor productivity, absenteeism and turnover. Researchers have found that the mood an employee brings to work has a stronger effect on the person’s overall mood though the day and on work performance when compared to mood changes caused by events in the workplace (University of Pennsylvania 2006: 1). According to Nancy Rothbard, Wharton management professor, a business’s performance might be enhanced by efforts to help employees cope with mood-affecting influences in their private lives. This includes advising employees on how to best handle commuting hassles or offering counse ling for family problems (University of Pennsylvania 2006: 1). 3. Importance of participation and its effect on work effectiveness Employee participation is defined as any workplace process which allows employees to exert some influence over their work and the conditions under which they work (Heller et al. 1998). One of the key factors that ensure employee participation is effective communication between the management and employees. Employee participation or â€Å"employee empowerment† as is the popular buzz word, improves work effectiveness. Employees have the ability, knowledge and expertise to assume greater responsibility in the workplace and can therefore make significant contributions to their organizations. Studies have confirmed that when organizations tap into this resource and involve their employees in decision making, the overall productivity of the organization increases. Employee participation also fulfills many of their psychological needs and serves as a mot ivating vehicle resulting in greater productivity and effectiveness for the organization. Participative management therefore stimulates employee enthusiasm and willingness to carry out decisions in which they have been involved. High performance organizations are now encouraging employee participation in decision-making because they realize that employees have a legitimate right to be involved in decisions

The Lowest Moment in Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Lowest Moment in Advertising - Essay Example While motion picture companies all over the world use this advertising tool to advertize the favorable reviews their movies received, Sony Pictures went ahead of the game. They invented their own critic by the name of David Manning and under this name wrote fake favorable reviews for not just the Knight’s Tale but also for Hollow Man, The Animal, The Patriot and the Vertical Limit (Lawrence and Webber, 2010). Sony Pictures Entertainment Sony Pictures Entertainment (SPE), formerly known as Columbia Pictures Entertainment was found in 1987 in California. SPE is subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America. Sony Corporation of America is further a subsidiary of Sony Corporation based in Tokyo, Japan. This multinational media conglomerate produces and also distributes motion pictures and television serials. SPE is one of the biggest media and technology conglomerates that provide entertainment in the form of movies, television, and technology to more than 140 countries around the wor ld. It reported total revenue of more than seven billion in 2010 (Sony Pictures, 2011). Where Sony failed With an organization as big and as established as Sony Pictures, this kind of advertising was not expected. The use of David Manning in numerous such advertising projects led Sony Pictures to incur a fine of 1.5 million pounds (BBC News, 2005). While Sony Pictures can easily recover from the financial aspect of the situation, it is the resulting brand value that creates challenges for the company. This particular advertising approach has affected Sony Pictures on different scales and aspects. Social, Ethical, Regulation aspects   Advertising has quickly become one of the five largest industries of the world. We are constantly exposed to advertising. Even when we do not realize it, advertising moulds our lives in such a manner that we are being constantly hypnotized with it. This has raised concerns among various critics who demanded the need for regulatory practices on adverti sing. The government was forced to take notice to protect the interest of the consumers against false advertising. However, even when the government has posed sanctions on certain types of advertising, social and ethical issues still arise which are outside the boundaries of these laws and here companies must take on their corporate social responsibility to ensure good practices. On the social level, advertising interacts with the consumers to educate them, create a feeling of happiness and generally improve on the standards of living (O’Guinn, Allen and Semenik, 2008). However, the use of David Manning’s review created the opposite effect. It misled the consumers through wrong information and those who went to watch the movie based on the review did not receive the level of satisfaction that they expected from a movie that was favorably liked by a critic. From an ethical stand point, advertising is supposed to be honest, fair and sensitive. Even if we often assume cre ative license to sell products through advertising, ethically we are required to ensure that the advertising is not deceiving. The use of David Manning was particularly deceiving since no such review was written and no such critic even existed at The Ridgefield Press. Such practices in advertising are called deceptive

Context of Advanced Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Context of Advanced Practice - Essay Example h Authority), Greater Manchester, and Cumbria and Lancashire to focus on the learning curve at a professional level while achieving academic skills (Advanced Practice Framework, 2005). This is a part of the NHS plan to create a patient led NHS aiming toward client focus and their choice of primary care (Cross et al. 2004). North West NHS has developed a workforce strategy to ensure a sufficient workforce capacity in all health organizations by shifting the current roles of the workforce (Advanced Nursing Practice, 2009). The role of the advanced practice nurses especially is undergoing a lot of changes due to the increased rules and regulations of NHS and NMC (Geest et al. 2008). A measure for efficiency has been developed called productive time which measures the time spent by professionals and nurses on core activities of advanced practices (Cross et al. 2004). By implementing such strategy the Department of Health and the NHS is expected to achieve  £6.5bn by 2008 out of which à ‚ £3.8bn is due to productive time (Burgess, 2007). Still enormous progress needs to be made that can make the service more improved (The future: A mini Prospectus, 2002). The HPC is also stepping in to regulate the practice and training of the professionals and to protect the people (HPC, 2007; Guthrie, 2009). On the national level, the European Working Time Directive (EWTD) driver has been seen to create different reactions from medical professionals (Little & Bluck, 2006). The main problem that arises is due to the work hour limit defined by the EWTD (Bates & Slade, 2007). The shift in the time limit from the previous 58 hour per week to 48 hour per week is been felt severely by the education and training medical institutions as well as in the delivery of service (Little & Bluck, 2006). The most effect is on the training of new juniors. According to Bates and Slade (2007), the time constraint has had many implications on the operative experience of the surgical trainees making the level

Should assisted suicide be an option for patients who are terminally Essay

Should assisted suicide be an option for patients who are terminally ill, in pain and want assisted suicide in Canada - Essay Example There have been several proponents and opponents of the issue in nearly equal proportion. Many of the opponents argue that it is illegal and unethical to assist someone to take away his life (Snyder 2). In contrast, the proponents of assisted suicide believe that the act is a dignified way to die by ending pain and suffering of persons who are terminally ill and suffer from incurable diseases. While the major debate has been whether legalizing assisted suicide would end suffering and pain, it defies the morality and ethics of the society; thus, it should not be legalized. Besides, legalizing assisted suicide could lead to abuse as people would have their lives ended against their wishes. Finally, legalizing the act would imply or lead to putting a dollar value on human life since the high cost of long-term care for people who are terminally ill would outweigh their right to live. Background Information The practice of euthanasia is generally illegal in the country. Nevertheless, ther e have been debates (most recently in Quebec back in March 2012) on whether the government should legalize it or not, particularly after Dr. Jack Kevorkian in Michigan (Gorsuch 44). The current laws in Canada prohibit any physician from assisting a person’s suicide lest he faces prosecution for abetting the act. The debate on the issue of assisted suicide deepened after 1990 when a retired pathologist in Michigan, Dr. Jack Kevorkian, started to attend a number of suicide requests by patients on the verge of dying (Gorsuch 44). He advised patients who suffered from degenerative or terminal diseases on how to administer carbon monoxide and eventually die. This action elicited mixed reactions from the public as Kevorkian was subjected to prosecution where he would answer to charge of unlawfully assisting a person to commit suicide (Gorsuch 44). The Michigan courts dismissed the murder charges, and Kevorkian was ultimately acquitted in 1994 against expectations of prosecutors and Michigan legislators who were determined to ensure the doctor is convicted of murder. Apparently, a physician-assisted suicide (also known as Euthanasia) concerns people who experience pain and suffering due to terminal illness. Pro Argument #1 According to the scientific study on terminal diseases published in the American Journal of Psychiatry, a very small percentage of patients with such illnesses expressed the wish to terminate their lives. Precisely, only one individual out of four wished to die due to suffering and pain (Gorsuch 44). Incidentally, majority of the cases involved patients who had clinically diagnosable depression. The study proposes psychotherapeutic treatment for the terminally ill. It further reveals that the rate of assisted suicide lies between 2% and 4%, a clear suggestion that very few patients will voluntarily permit termination of their lives (Gorsuch 44). Thus, it proposes compassionate counseling alongside psychological and medical care to provide co nstructive and morally acceptable options to euthanasia. In the end, patients would naturally succumb to the terminal illnesses instead of the controversial assisted suicide. In the same way, scientific study reveals a small percentage of patients wishing to die by assisted suicide. In most Cases these patients were diagnosed with depression. Pro Argument #2 A patient

Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Rhetorical Analysis - Essay Example Firstly, the pathos of the video is clear and apparent from the very first frame of the video; as the viewer is greeted with an expansive cemetery perforated by concentric lines of seemingly endless white crosses. Further pathos is invoked due to the dramatic elements of the music that is represented to the listener. Hardship and drama with regards to the emotional connection that the viewer must have to the individuals on the screen is represented through a steady stream of images connecting homelessness, poverty, orphans, and a post-apocalyptic environment. Each of these emotionally charged images is capable of invoking a response upon the part of the viewer; a response that the director and producer of this brief advertisement were fully aware could be evoked. Similarly, the ethos of the particular advertisement in question is much less complex and much easier to define as compared to the pathos which is been discussed above. Due to the fact that UNICEF is a global outreach entity that is represented in nearly each and every nation throughout the globe, the degree and extent to which ethos is directly represented merely by mentioning the name UNICEF is innate. As such, even though this ethos is not directly linked to the advertisement until the credits screen flashes just prior to the advertisement concluding, it nonetheless is evident and cannot be ignored by an individual interviews the contents of such a message. It is further arguable that without the UNICEF emblem being represented at the end of this advertisement the overall believability and trust an individual might have with regards the contents therein could greatly be diminished. Finally, seeking to understand this advertisement from yet another perspective, the rhetorical approach of logos, demands that the individual focus upon the moment in time it just prior to the advertisement concluding and/or the moments prior to the UNICEF emblem being flashed upon the screen. Within this brief period of time all of the preceding information that has been driven by thoughts and a sense of emotional distress and need for action is juxtaposed with the logos of the statement: â€Å"What we see as fiction... Is real in Ethiopia† (Unicef 2007). Such a statement of fact links all of the seemingly disjointed emotionally charged imagery and tax that was presented previously and the advertisement to a definitive and logical conclusion. Whereas it may be hard for the individual to accept the images of orphans, innately poor, struggling to survive in burned out towns with no viable means of support or education as a fictitious rendering of a post-apocalyptic world, this is very much unfortunately the case within many parts of Ethiopia and Eastern Africa that are heavily impacted by the AIDS epidemic. By referencing all of this information and utilizing all three of the previously denoted rhetorical strategies, the director and producer, and indeed all of the people responsible for the p roduction of this ad, effectively integrated with as large a market audience as is possible. As has been denoted through previous levels of research, effectively representing pathos, logos, and the post in

Management Theories Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management Theories - Assignment Example The both are geared towards improving the productivity of organizations as well as their effectiveness which is quite evident in the scientific theory as it tries to follow all the simplistic and universal set rules in order to realize higher productivity in the organizations and make everything run smoothly. A similar spirit is seen in the humanistic theory as it stresses on situational suitability and coming up with principles that assure them of their success without having to rely on the universal ones (Robbins, 2006). All this is geared towards achieving success in the management of these organizations as well as their effectiveness.Both theories try to make an improvement on the relationship between managers and their workers as seen with the scientific theory through emphasis of working with togetherness between the workers and managers. On the same note, the humanistic theory also insists on managers understanding organizational situations before figuring out the best way to work with and through other people as they co-ordinate activities. As all these are done for the better of the managers and the workers, it is meant to improve the relationship between them and make the work environment comfortable.Both the scientific and humanistic theory have diversified views on how to improve management and create efficiency in the organizations and be sure that their goals are achieved. Though they have common goals of improving management and efficiency in organizations.

Target Market and Marketing Strategy Assignment

Target Market and Marketing Strategy - Assignment Example The second part of the assignment elaborates a product overview which is created and the target market is developed with respect to the product. The product is created keeping in mind the market demand of United States (US). The product being washing powder or laundry detergent is highly used in every household of US. The product which is created is named as White Magic and its features are created keeping in mind the other competitor’s detergent features so that it is fit for US market. Lastly, a competitor analysis is done to identify the biggest player in the US detergent market. Abraham Maslow is known for proposing the Hierarchy of Needs Theory in 1943. Maslow’s theory of needs reflects the basic human requirements and highlights the scale of motivations that result in desired outcomes. The theory explains that the motivation for any action made by any human being is an unfulfilled need. It identifies five primary areas of needs that are experienced by most humans. The five levels are a physiological need, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs and lastly the self-actualization needs (Daina, 2007). Maslow stated that the human behavior and decision-making are guided by one of the five need levels in his hierarchy that are discussed above. Now apply this theory to the marketing concept it can be implied that consumer targets can reflect a basis of perspectives and the decisions that come with those perspectives. The main determinant of potential success is the ability to effectively appeal to one the above motivational drivers (Thompson, 2013). When a company is selling a product to a customer they are not only selling the product but also selling the idea and the image of the product to the customer. The companies promise to fulfill one or more needs in the hierarchy. Thus the marketing campaign plays an important role in marketing a product. A marketing campaign in order to be successful should motivate the people who are at lower levels of needs. Knowing consumer taste is the key to a successful company.

Composition of fish corkscrew Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Composition of fish corkscrew - Essay Example Symmetry is known to play a vital role in human visual perception and aesthetics1. When all the functional parts of the fish corkscrew are in closed position, the device appears to be almost symmetrical as can be seen from figure 1. Its symmetry is, however, imperfect given the shape of the corkscrew and a section of the knife. One of the elements of the device is the saw-tooth and sharp bladed knife. The knife which is attached to the tail of the fish is made of metal and can be used to cut different objects. The cutting edge of the knife has two sections; a flat blade and a serrated blade that form one unit. The flat section of the cutting blade can be used to cut objects like a razor or ordinary knife does even as the serrated section serves to cut like a saw. The cutting and non-cutting edges of the knife meet in a curve to form a pin point that can be useful in piercing or tearing materials. The knife is attached to the tail of the fish through a hinge so that the knife can be drawn out in case it needs to be used. When not in use, the knife is pushed down and its curved non-cutting edge forms the dorsal fins the fish. At the side of the knife that overlooks the wooden body of the fish, close to the curved edge is a notch that can be used to lift the knife out of its sheath. The tail of the fish is made up of metal. Apart from being the frame upon which the knife is fixed, the tail serves to give the device its characteristic aesthetics and fish shape as can be seen in fig 2. The body of the fish which is made of wood and metal similarly gives the device its characteristic fish-like shape. The body also acts as a sheath that hides the sharp edge of the knife from view when the knife is in closed position. The body also serves to protect the bearer of the knife from harm as it keeps the knife away from immediate contact in case it is not in use. The body of the fish also serves as a hand. The body is so shapes that

Africa in the Global System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Africa in the Global System - Essay Example The legislature on the other hand is mandated to by the various constitutions governing the different states to dismiss the president by means of an impeachment. However such presidential dismissals are not commonplace as this is highly likely to contravene the canon of the presidency. A prominent feature of this governance is the cabinet heads who are referred to as ministers or secretaries depending on the country, serve at the mercy of the president and propagate the wishes of the president and the ruling party. The legislature has powers to approve their appointment once they have been selected by the president. In some cases, the cabinet heads are not members of the legislature in a presidential system. This system of governance appears to be popular in many African states and democracies. To understand the reason why this form of governance has become common in Africa and world over, this paper examines the main benefits and advantages of this form of governance. The presidential system of governance is commonly used in African states and elsewhere in the world and its application and acceptability in many nations could be due to factors that are closely linked to its advantages or ease of application. It should be noted that the most important aspect of a government that will make it acceptable to the people is the legitimacy of the same government. The presidential system has several advantages and ease of legitimacy due to the following factors that are discussed below. These factors make it one of the most popular systems of governance that is applicable in the world today. The discussion on legitimacy can be one of the reasons why presidential systems have been generally the most common form of governance in the African continent. In (Alagappa 1995), the debate of legitimacy of a government is advanced. It argues that in order for a government to achieve legitimacy, it must be based on shared norms and values of a

The Social Problem of Bullying Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Social Problem of Bullying - Research Paper Example The dependent variable in the proposed research will consist of the rate of bullying evident in a variety of schools having different characteristics, expressed as a percentage.   As such the dependent variable will be a ratio-type variable, having the ability to be expressed as a measurable number of fine distinctions possible as to quantity.   The independent variables to be utilized for this study will be drawn from data provided in the Statistical Abstracts, including age-level of students (expressed as an ordinal variable measured as elementary, middle, of high school), enrollment of school (expressed as ordinal breakdowns determining the size of schools), and minority enrollment within schools (again expressed as an ordinal breakdown).   It is expected that these different independent variables will each have an impact on the rate of bullying, as they determine the developmental age of students, as well as the size and supposed social stresses and inter-community cohesion of the various school types.   The proposed relationships of the variables will be as   The basic research problem will be to discover how the age and population characteristics of a given school are associated with incident rates of bullying.It is expected that the older the student population, the more likely it will be that bullying will be prevalent, largely because the students will be more likely to be willing to use coercion and violence against their peers as they grow into their own independence. This leads to the following hypothesis. H1. The older the student population, the higher the rate of bullying that will exist. Similarly it is expected that the larger a school is the more likely bullying will be prevalent, because (1) the school community will be more difficult to govern, and (2) the larger number of students will likely include more of the personality type that is prone to violence and bullying. This results in the second hypothesis. H2. The larger the school, the higher the rate of bullying that will exist. Finally, it is expected that the higher the rate of minority students within a given school, the more likely bullying will be prevalent. It is expected that two factors will work toward this end. First, the prevalence of more diverse communities will likely result in more social cohesion problems at this developmental age. Second, it is expected that minority students will be more likely to be involved in bullying, either as its victims, or as perpetrators, as they seek to express their own independence. This leads to the third hypothesis. H3. The larger the minority enrollment, the higher the r

Spanish Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Spanish - Essay Example La competencia en los mercados internacionales a causado que muchas empresas reconsideren su cyclo supplidores para optimizar la eficiencia de las empresas. En paises desarroyados como Estados Unidos y Inglaterra muchas companies exportan fases de su producion para usus costos atraves de la exportacion de trabajos. Por ejemplo si Ford Motors decide producir la suspension de sus vehiculos en China para bajar costo eso ayuda a la empresa poder proveer mejores precios a sus consumidores. El publico en general aveces esta bajo la presumcion que la exportacion de trabajo es mala para la economia porque se pierden trabajos directos. Se una fabrica cierra y se muda para otro lugar parace que el resultado de expertacion de trabajo es negativo. El ejemplo dado en el corto plazo el impactacto a pais que piede afecta adversamenta la economia de una region. Para mejor evaluar dicho escenario’ hay que visualizar el efecto del evento en el mediano y largo plazo. En el largo plazo la exportacion de trabajo tiene efectos positivos como la restructuracion economica para mejorar la competividad del pais, precios mas bajos en la material prima de las empresas, y mejorar las validad de vida del ciudadanos en paises en via al dessarollo como por ejemplo Argentina. En el mediado plazo cuando empresas contrata a empresas extranjeras para realizar una porcion de su production el efecto en el empleo de empresas nativas es positivo porque ayuda a incrementar la ganacia de los empre sarios. La exportacion de trabajos tambien se puede interpretar como la imigracion de talento humano local a otras regiones. Debido a la alta demanda de profesionales en diversos campos especializados como medicina, ingenieria, y biotecnologia en la economia mucha personas optan por mudarse a otras partes del mundo en busca de oportunidades. El libre traffico de capital humana le conviene a todas las naciones debido a que todos los paises tiene deficit en talento y diversas concentraciones

Issue in Corporate Failure of Bank Essay Example for Free

Issue in Corporate Failure of Bank Essay It also raised millions of revenue by accounting techniques to show false profits and hided their losses which occur in trading and bad debt. The biggest bank fraud in history According to Manhattan District Attorney Robert M. Morgenthau, the BCCI scandal that came to light in 1991 was the largest bank fraud in world history. Perhaps no other criminal enterprise has involved or at least embarrassed so many prominent people, from billionaire Arab sheikhs to Third World dictators to present and former leading figures in the U. S. and British governments. Certainly none could match the international web of financial chicanery, political intrigue, and unsavoury figures with which BCCI was said to be associated. (Source: Encyclopaedia Encarta 2007) BCCI was engaged in four major frauds. One was a cover-up of $633m of losses on treasury trading. The second was the illegal acquisition through nominees of several banks in the US, in which it spend $346m. The third was a complex manipulation of accounts to prop up its largest borrower, the gulf shipping group of Pakistan, to which it lent more than $725m, which was over the limit set by banking regulations. The fourth was fundamental fraud by which BCCI allegedly acquire secret control of 56% of its own shares at a cost of over $500m. BCCI was a serpent eating its own tail. These sums add up to more than $2bn. But this is a minimum: it omits the enormous cost to BCCI of financing its secret losses. The manipulation to cover up the fraud involved another $2bn, bringing the grand total to well over $4bn. BCCI frauds were the main reasons for its corporate failure. The scale the fraud is breathtaking enough. But while most frauds involve the disappearance of real money, BCCI did the exact opposite. It manufactured billions of dollars out of nothing to conceal gaping holes in its balance sheet, like a giant game of ‘Double Your Money’. This involved extraordinary financial gymnastics and illegal loans on a huge scale. When BCCI finally came crashing down, it was not with a thud, but in a shower of paper. (Behind Closed Door: FT Publication) BCCI initiated every single route to excel its growth. In a first place its corporate structure was so complicated which involved uses of shell corporations frequently termed as satellites, bank confidentiality and secrecy. BCCI’s top management including nominees which also includes some famous personalities in politics were involved in corruption and made it a supreme atmosphere for crime. BCCI’s criminalities included, †¢Fraud by BCCI and BCCI customers involving billions of dollars; money laundering in Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas; †¢BCCIs bribery of officials in most of those locations, †¢Support of terrorism, arms trafficking, and the sale of nuclear technologies; †¢Management of prostitution; †¢The commission and facilitation of income tax evasion, smuggling, and illegal immigration; †¢Illicit purchases of banks and real estate. Source: Walker, L. 2001) Abdul Basir, head of BCCI Pakistan operation, says: â€Å"We looked after clients in the most efficient, personalised manner. † The diamond market which is home to Lahore’s famous dancing girls, Prostitutes, who for centuries have provided entertainment for emperors and their cour tiers – and latterly for politicians, Arab Sheikhs and bankers. BCCI used these girls to treat Arabs rich businessmen and major shareholders. BCCI’s Zafar Iqbal, former chief executive, was in charge of managing prostitutes. Corporate Failure of BCCI There were two main reasons of BCCI’s corporate failure apart from their criminal activities. These were high risk loans and trading. A bank’s treasury plays a key role in managing its financial affairs by trading large amounts of money and currencies. Some if this dealing is done on behalf of clients. But bank treasuries also speculate on whether currencies will rise or fall, using their own money. BCCI was no exception. According to Price Waterhouse, the bank combined these two activities by trading huge amounts of clients’ money – but in its own name, and without their knowledge.

Medical Marijuana Legalization Essay Example for Free

Medical Marijuana Legalization Essay Are there medicinal benefits of marijuana? Could there really be more to the cannabis plant than â€Å"getting high? † Yes, the cannabis (scientific name for â€Å"marijuana†) plant does in fact have medical uses, and there is much more to this extraordinary plant than consuming it to experience its psychoactive effects. However, most Americans are unaware of the present day medicinal applications of cannabis. From migraines to multiple sclerosis, cannabis can help. The cannabis plant is grown naturally and contains no added chemicals, making it ideal. In modern medicine, the cannabis plant has many medical uses. Cannabis was legal to consume in the United States up until 1937, when the â€Å"marihuana tax act of 1937† made possession or transfer of cannabis illegal throughout the United States under federal law, excluding medical and industrial uses. The American Medical Association was not in favor of this legislation. Before this law was passed, marijuana was legal and quite popular in the United States. Martin Booth explains in his book Cannabis: A History, that In the 1880’s â€Å"hashish† parlors were very popular in America and it was estimated that their were around five hundred of these parlors in New York at the time. From 1850-1942 cannabis was listed in the U. S Pharmacopoeia as a useful medicine for nausea, rheumatism, and labor pains; it was also easily obtained at the local general store or pharmacy. More than 20 prescription medicines containing marijuana were sold in U. S. pharmacies at the turn of the 20th century, and marijuana-based medications were commonly available until cannabis was taken out of the U. S. Pharmacopeia in 1942. Then in 1970, the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, classified marijuana as a Schedule I drug. According to this act a schedule I drug means three things: the drug has high potential for abuse, the drug has no currently accepted medical use in the U. S, and there is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug under medical supervision. Other schedule I drugs include heroin, LSD, peyote, MDMA (ecstasy), and mescaline. The once medicinally valued cannabis plant is now classified with drugs in which have completely different and much more harmful effects. Marijuana cannot be classified with the other schedule I narcotics because it can be beneficial to many people with a number of different diseases or health problems. Marijuana can cure migraines, Doctors in California report they have cured over 300,000 cases of migraines with medical marijuana (medicalinsurance. org marijuana-health-facts). The American Association for Cancer Research has found that marijuana actually works to slow down tumor growth in the lungs, breasts, and brain considerably. Studies also suggest that use of medical marijuana helps lower intraocular pressure in the eyes of glaucoma patients (glaucoma. org /treatment/should-you-be-smoking-marijuana-to-treat-your-glaucoma-1. php). Marijuana is also a muscle relaxer that has antispasmodic qualities that have proven to be a very effective treatment for seizures (nimh. nih. gov). Marijuana works to stop the neurological effects and muscle spasms that come from multiple sclerosis by protecting nerves from the damage caused by the fatal disease (multiple-sclerosis. emedtv. com). Marijuana is so beneficial that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) actually used part of the plant. The main psychoactive ingredient in marijuana is tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC for short. The FDA isolated a single molecule cannabinoid pharmaceutical; it was called Marinol and was used for treatment of nausea and vomiting in cancer chemotherapy patients who did not respond to conventional antiemetic treatments, according to the article Medicinal use of cannabis in the United States: Historical perspectives, current trends, and future directions. From the same article the doctors talk about another medication with similar effects of marijuana, except this one is a synthetic molecule shaped similarly to THC. ) It’s called Nabilone and has been approved since 1985 for use with nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy in cancer patients. As of 2011 there are currently sixteen states and Washington D. C. that support medical marijuana. The sixteen states include: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Delaware, Hawaii, Maine, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington. Our federal government on the other hand, does not agree with these state laws and continues to prosecute medical marijuana users because it remains illegal under federal law. The medicinal uses of the cannabis plant have been around since our country was founded, yet in present time, marijuana â€Å"presents no known medicinal value†. The founding father of our nation George Washington, said, â€Å"Make the most of the Indian hemp seed, and sow it everywhere! It has been used in America since our country was founded, but as of now our country cannot come to terms of agreement regarding the cannabis plant. Marijuana can be used to treat or relieve symptoms of many diseases and discomforts, but for now its still illegal and preventing many Americans from getting their medicine. Marijuana has many uses but our federal government cannot see that or chooses not to believe it, regardless, it is still a very applicable medicine. Medical marijuana is used in other countries includin g our neighbor up north, Canada. So, why is it still illegal in America? If marijuana were to be legalized in the United States for medical purposes, our country would greatly benefit. Marijuana is one the purest most natural substances known to many yet it is referred to as a â€Å"drug†, however over fifty percent of Americans think that medical marijuana should be legalized. Sometime in the near future our country will recognize all the medical benefits of this magnificent plant, but until then it is still a federal crime to use and possess.

Ostracism in Athenian Democracy

Ostracism in Athenian Democracy Question 3. Ostraka Ostracism was a process instituted as one of the Kleisthenic reforms of 508/7BC as a result of the non-elite intervention in the conflict with the Spartan backed Isagoras, although there is no evidence for its actual use before 487BC (Forsdyke 2005: 144). Lasting for a period of 70 years it was a symbolic reminder of democratic power as opposed to elite rule as well as a pragmatic device for controlling the ambitions of potentially powerful traitors, or leading figures, without destabilizing the political system (Forsdyke 2005: 143). It required a minimum of 6,000 male citizens to take part in an annual secret ballot by inscribing the name of their preferred candidate on a potsherd (ostrakon plural ostraka) and the person who polled the most votes on a simple majority basis was exiled from Athens and Attica for a period of 10 years (Easterling and Handley 2001: 26) with the property and rights of the exile being protected by law during their exclusion. Ostrakon A. The inscriptions on this ostrakon(Fig. 1) can be transcribed, transliterated and translated as follows:- ÃŽ  ÃŽâ€¢ÃŽ ¡ÃŽâ„¢ÃŽÅ¡ÃŽâ€ºÃŽâ€¢ÃŽ £ ÃŽ §ÃŽ £ÃŽâ€˜ÃŽ ÃŽËœÃŽâ„¢ÃŽ  ÃŽ  ÃŽÅ¸ Perikles Xsanthippo Pericles (son) of Xanthippos Pericles was an aristocratic politician who became a democratic leader and this text shows his name inscribed alongside the genitive patronymic (the name of his father). A member of the Alkmaeonid family his mother was the niece of Kleisthenes and his father had been exiled in 484BC but recalled as a general during the Persian war. In 463/2BC he was elected as a prosecutor of Cimon who had been accused of receiving bribes from Alexander of Macedon and this opposition to Cimon brought a coalition with Ephialtes in 462BC to attack and reform the Areopagus (Hornblower and Spawforth 2003: 1139). When Ephialtes died and Cimon was ostracised Pericles became one of the most influential men in Athens, being elected as strategos (general) for 10 consecutive years from 443BC, and was an unopposed ruler who had an ambitious foreign policy of westward expansion that saw Athens become predominant in Greece (Bowder 1982: 157). The extensive public building programme instituted by Pericles, which included the re-building of the Parthenon (Bowder 1982: 156), was intended to make Athens an example to all Greece (Thucydides 2.41). An active military leader he put down a revolt in Euboea in 446BC and reviewed Athens grain supply during an expedition to the Black Sea (Hornblower and Spawforth 2003: 1139). Having once proposed a unification of all Greek states that had fought Persia, which Sparta opposed, his strategy, based upon the advice of Themistocles (Thucydides 1.93.16-17), as Athenian leader in the Peloponnesian war was to avoid fighting in the open, stay behind their fortifications and allow their sea power to prevail. Unfortunately the Athenians did not follow this policy which resulted in defeat (Davies 1993: 118-20). Pericles also made probably the most famous speech on Athenian democracy as a funeral oration for those who fell fighting Sparta in the first year of the Peloponnesian war where he commen ds the Athenian model to their neighbours as government by the many as opposed to an elite few (Barrow 1999: 29-30, Thucydides 2.35-46). Ostrakon B. The text on this ostrakon(Fig. 2) can be transcribed, transliterated and translated as follows:- ÃŽ £ÃŽÅ¸ÃŽÅ¡ÃŽ ¡ÃŽâ€˜ÃŽ ¤ÃŽâ€¢ÃŽ £: ΑÎ ÃŽâ€˜ÃŽâ€œÃŽ ¥ÃŽ ¡ÃŽâ€˜ÃŽ £ÃŽâ„¢ÃŽÅ¸ÃŽ £ Sokrates: Anagyrasios Socrates (of the deme) of Anagyrous The Socrates named here is not the famous philosopher but a general, one of the 10 strategos elected annually one from each of the 10 tribes (Barrow 1999: 20). The text gives the demotic adjective in the nominative case rather than the more usual genitive patronymic and from this deme name we can link Socrates to the Erechtheis tribe (Whitehead 1986: 369). Anagyrous was a garrison deme, possibly part of the signalling network (Whitehead 1986: 401) and as this ostrakon relates to 440BC (Easterling and Handley 2001: 28) we can assume Socrates was elected as strategos by his tribe in 441/440BC and given command of the Anagyrous garrison. We know nothing else of him so can only guess at why he was nominated for ostracism. Inscriptions C (Easterling and Handley 2001: p29). These inscriptions can be transliterated and translated as:- Themisthokles Neokleos Themistocles (son) of Neocles Themisthokles Neokleosito Themistocles (son) of Neocles Get Out Although these ostraka have the more normal form showing the genitive case patronymic two items are of note. Firstly, the double use of theta in Themistocles name and secondly the use of ito (Get out) which underlines the depth of feeling against him (Easterling and Handley 2001: 29) which is an interesting perspective given his reputation as father of the Athenian navy and the fact that he had implemented ostracism in 487BC (Bowder 1982: 198). There is evidence that the surviving ostraka on which Themistocles name is inscribed were written by only 14 people and this may reflect either the poor level of literacy at the time (ostraka being pre-prepared or written by a scribe) or some form of vote rigging (Murray 1993: 285). Themistocles was an Athenian politician, a member of the Lycomid family, a radical democrat who attempted to destroy the aristocracy and considered to be one of the greatest men of his generation (Bowder 1982: 199). When he was archonhe had developed Piraeus as the harbour of Athens (Thucydides 1.93.11-12) and argued that output from the Laurium silver mines be spent on increasing the size of the Athenian navy, ostensibly for the war against Aigina but in reality for use against Persia, which culminated in the victory at Salamis in 480BC (Herodotus 7.144.1-5). Although he had avoided being ostracised in the 480s he was sent into exile in 470/1BC after clashing with Cimon over accusations of negotiating with Persia (Bowder 1982: 198) but when accused by Sparta of becoming Persian he was recalled, fled and in his absence was condemned to death for treason. Arriving in Persia he was made governor of Magnesia where he remained until his death (Hornblower and Spawforth 2003: 1497). Ostracism fell into disrepair after 416BC when Alcibiades and Phiax manipulated its use to combine their forces and have their political rival Hyperbolus exiled. Corruption had always been present but this time it had been so blatant and visible that it completely discredited the process and its use was abandoned (Easterling and Handley 2001: 29). Bibliography Ancient Sources Herodotus: The Histories. trans. A. De Selincourt (Penguin ukessays>essays>classics). Middlesex. Penguin Books. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1986. Thucydides: The History of the Peloponnesian War. trans. R. Livingstone (The Worlds ukessays>essays>classics). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1973. Modern Sources Barrow, R. 1999: Athenian Democracy. (Inside the Ancient World). London. Bristol Classical Press. Bowder, D. (ed.) 1982: Who was who in the Greek world. Oxford. Phaidon Press. Davies, J.K. 1993: Democracy and Classical Greece. 2nd Edition (Fontana History of the Ancient World). London. Harper Collins. Forsdyke, S.L. 2005: Exile, Ostracism and Democracy: the Politics of Expulsion in Ancient Greece. Princeton. Princeton University Press. Hornblower, S and Spawforth, A (eds). 2003: The Oxford Classical Dictionary. 3rd Edition Revised. Oxford. Oxford University Press. Murray, O. 1993: Early Greece. 2nd Edition (Fontana History of the Ancient World). London. Harper Collins. Whitehead, D. 1986: The Demes of Attica 508/7- 250BC. London. Princeton University Press.